The symptoms of ADHD can be broadly classified into three categories: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Inattention symptoms include difficulty in focusing on tasks, forgetfulness, and disorganization. Hyperactivity symptoms include fidgeting, restlessness, and excessive talking. Impulsivity symptoms include interrupting others, impatience, and acting without thinking².

Diagnosis of ADHD is based on a comprehensive evaluation of the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and family history. The American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) provides the criteria for diagnosing ADHD. The DSM-5 criteria require that the patient exhibit at least six symptoms of inattention and/or hyperactivity-impulsivity for at least six months, and that these symptoms interfere with the patient’s daily life².

The etiology of ADHD is not fully understood, but it is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Studies have shown that ADHD is highly heritable, with a heritability estimate of around 70-80%³. Environmental factors such as prenatal exposure to alcohol and tobacco, low birth weight, and premature birth have also been associated with an increased risk of developing ADHD.

Management of ADHD involves a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions. Stimulant medications such as methylphenidate and amphetamines are the most commonly prescribed medications for ADHD. These medications work by increasing the levels of dopamine and norepinephrine in the brain, which helps to improve attention and reduce hyperactivity and impulsivity¹. Non-pharmacological interventions such as behavioral therapy, parent training, and school-based interventions can also be effective in managing ADHD².

In conclusion, ADHD is a common neurodevelopmental disorder that affects both children and adults. The symptoms of ADHD can be classified into three categories: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. Diagnosis of ADHD is based on a comprehensive evaluation of the patient’s symptoms, medical history, and family history. The etiology of ADHD is believed to be caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors. Management of ADHD involves a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological interventions¹²³ .